Now that you are armed for the biology section of your next trivia night, check out our list of Animal Group Terminology to discover the collective nouns for animals on this list, such as a prickle of hedgehogs. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3):551–563.What’s Good for the Goose Is Good for the Gander Chronic wasting disease of deer and elk: A review with recommendations for management. Niche relationships within a guild of ungulate species in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, following release from artificial controls. Helena, MT: Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Ecology and management of mule deer and white-tailed deer in Montana. The northern Yellowstone elk: Ecology and management. WAFWA is particularly concerned about mule deer, a species that lives in every North. Harrisburg, PA and Washington, DC: The Stackpole Co. Taylor, ed., The deer of North America: The white-tailed, mule and black-tailed deer, genus Odocoileus, their history and management, 393–414. Forage, food habits, and range manage- ment of the mule deer. Ungulate regulation of ecosystem pro- cesses in Yellowstone National Park: Direct and feedback effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.įrank, D.A. Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone’s Northern Range. Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3):544–548.Ĭouncil, National Research. Factors influencing distribution of white-tailed deer in riparian habitats. Mammoth Hot Springs, WY: National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources.Ĭompton, B.B., R.J. Ecology of ungulates and their winter range in northern Yellowstone National Park: Research and synthesis, 1962–1970. Because of their scarcity, little is known about the white-tailed deer that inhabit the northern range, and the population within the park is not monitored.īarmore, W.J. Because of the mule deer’s seasonal distribution, the relative scarcity of white-tailed deer, and the abundance of elk, which are the main prey of wolves, wolf recovery in Yellowstone is believed to have had little effect on deer populations and recruitment.Īlthough the primary causes of deer mortality are winter kill and predation, mule deer and white-tailed deer outside the park are subject to state-regulated harvesting in the fall. Unlike elk and bison, many of which remain in the park throughout the year, mule deer are preyed upon by wolves, coyotes, cougars, and bears in the park mostly in the summer. Mule deer populations may decline during severe winters, when deep snow and extremely cold temperatures make foraging difficult.Īlthough researchers estimate that northern Yellowstone has a summer mule deer population of 1,850 to 1,900, fewer than several hundred stay in the park all winter. While the relative distribution of mule deer across their winter range has remained similar over the last two decades, the population appears to cyclical increases and decreases. Since surveys began in 1986 we have observed an average of 66 mule deer (or 3% of the total count) in northern Yellowstone each year. No surveys are conducted within the park. In 2016 an aerial survey detected 1,1,757 mule deer in the Gardiner Basin area. The State of Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks surveys the northern range population outside the park. Mule deer winter range lies primarily north of the park boundary.
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